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A Foundation-Model Architecture for Multi-Horizon Smart-Grid Forecasting Using Smart-Meter Sequences, Weather Context, and Grid-Topology Tokens
Smart-grid forecasting requires models that can reason across heterogeneous temporal, environmental, and structural information. Existing forecasting architectures often treat load sequences, weather context, and grid topology as separate modeling inputs rather than as jointly learnable forecasting evidence. This article proposes a foundation-model architecture for multi-horizon smart-grid forecasting. The architecture is designed to integrate smart-meter sequences, weather context, and grid-topology tokens within a unified transformer framework. The proposed architecture could encode smart-meter data through patch-based or convolutional sequence tokenization. Weather information would be represented through learned meteorological embeddings, while feeder topology could be incorporated through graph-derived or learnable topology tokens. The design specifies how heterogeneous tokens may be fused through cross-modal attention and routed toward horizon-specific forecasting heads. It also outlines an evaluation strategy based on pre-training across diverse feeders and fine-tuning on held-out forecasting tasks. The architecture offers a conceptual blueprint for generalizable smart-grid forecasting systems. Further validation would be required to determine whether unified tokenization improves transferability across feeders, substations, and regional grid configurations.
Journal of Smart Grids, Energy Analytics and Optimization
Original Research | Open access | 20 March 2026 | Article: 27