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A Two-Stage Optimization Framework for EV Charging Deployment in Urban Distribution Networks
This paper presents a two-stage approach that leverages energy savings from optimal network reconductoring to determine the appropriate sizing and placement of electric vehicle (EV) charging loads in residential areas of urban distribution networks. In the initial stage, the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) was used to reduce annual energy losses in the radial distribution system through optimal reconductoring. A multi-objective function was created to simultaneously minimize the investment cost, peak power loss, and annual energy loss cost across various load factors. Outcomes from the flower pollination algorithm were benchmarked against those from the particle swarm optimization algorithm. In the subsequent stage, a straightforward heuristic was introduced to allocate and size the EV charging demand at each node, using a share of the annual energy savings realized from the optimal reconductoring. The quantity of electric cars, electric bikes, and electric scooters that could be supported at individual nodes was calculated without violating voltage or branch current limits. The proposed method was tested through simulations on the 123-bus and 51-bus radial distribution networks to confirm its validity and performance.
Journal of Smart Grids, Energy Analytics and Optimization
Original Research | Open access | 20 September 2025 | Article: 115